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In phonetics and phonology, relative articulation is description of the manner and place of articulation of a speech sound relative to some reference point. Typically, the comparison is made with a default, unmarked articulation of the same phoneme in a neutral sound environment. For example, the English velar consonant is ''fronted'' before the vowel (as in ''keep'') compared to articulation of before other vowels (as in ''cool''). This fronting is called palatalization. The relative position of a sound may be described as ''advanced'' (''fronted''), ''retracted'' (''backed''), ''raised'', ''lowered'', ''centralized'', or ''mid-centralized''. The latter two terms are only used with vowels, and are marked in the International Phonetic Alphabet with diacritics over the vowel letter. The others are used with both consonants and vowels, and are marked with iconic diacritics under the letter. Another dimension of relative articulation that has IPA diacritics is the degree of roundedness, ''more rounded'' and ''less rounded''. ==Advanced and retracted== A fronted or advanced sound is one that is pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than some reference point. The diacritic for this in the IPA is the subscript plus, . Conversely, a retracted or backed sound is one that is pronounced farther to the back of the vocal tract, and its IPA diacritic is the subscript minus . Both consonants and vowels may be fronted or backed. In English, the back vowel is farther forward than what is normally indicated by the IPA letter . This fronting may be shown explicitly, especially within a narrow transcription: . Whether this is as far front as the central vowel , or somewhere between and , may need to be clarified verbally. In General American English, the in the word ''eighth'' is farther front than normal, due to assimilation with the interdental consonant , and may be transcribed as . The difference between a fronted and non-fronted consonant can be heard in the English words ''key'' and ''coo'' , where the in ''key'' is fronted under the influence of the front vowel . In verbal description, the prefix ''pre-'' may be used to indicated fronting, especially in the terms ''prepalatal'' and ''prevelar''. Otherwise phrases like "fronted u" may be used. In English, the plosive in the affricate , as in the word ''church'', is farther back than an alveolar due to assimilation with the postalveolar fricative . In narrow transcription, may be transcribed . Languages may have phonemes that are farther back than the nearest IPA symbol. For example, Polish ''sz'' is a postalveolar sibilant. While this is often transcribed as , it is not ''domed'' (partially palatalized) the way a prototypical is. A more precise transcription therefore is . Similarly, the velar consonants in Kwakiutl are actually ''postvelar''; that is, pronounced farther back than a prototypical velar, between velar and uvular , and is thus transcribed . Officially, the IPA symbol stands for a front vowel. However, in most languages where it is used, actually stands for a central vowel. If precision is desired, this may also be indicated with the minus sign (), or possibly with the centralized diacritic (); yet another possible notation is with the lowered diacritic (). Either the prefix ''post-'' may be used to indicated retraction, as above, or phrases like "retracted i" may be used. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「relative articulation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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